{"id":178,"date":"2022-08-17T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-17T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/kefalet-sozlesmesi\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T14:08:13","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T14:08:13","slug":"contract-suretyship","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/kefalet-sozlesmesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Contract of Suretyship"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pm\" data-utu-pm=\"1\">\n<p class=\"pm-giris\"><strong>A suretyship agreement<\/strong>, is an agreement concluded between the surety and the creditor, although it gives rise to a tripartite relationship between the principal debtor, the surety and the creditor. The conditions of validity of the suretyship agreement are laid down in Art. 582 et seq. of the TCO. In this article, we examine the definition of the agreement, its conditions of validity, the rule on spousal consent and the relevant decisions of the Court of Cassation.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"pm-ozet\" aria-label=\"In brief\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">In brief<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A contract of suretyship (TBK Article 581) is a contract concluded between the surety and the creditor whereby the surety undertakes to be personally liable to the creditor for the consequences of the debtor's failure to perform the debt.<\/li>\n<li>Suretyship is given for an existing and valid debt; it may also be given for future or conditional debts, provided that such debts are determinable.<\/li>\n<li>Under TBK Article 583, the contract must be made in writing; the maximum amount, the date of the suretyship and, where applicable, joint and several suretyship must be stated in the surety's own handwriting.<\/li>\n<li>Under TBK Article 584, one spouse may, as a rule, become a surety only with the written consent of the other spouse given no later than the time of conclusion of the contract.<\/li>\n<li>Under paragraph III of Article 584, added in 2013, spousal consent is not required in cases such as suretyships given by the owner of a commercial enterprise, a partner or manager of a company, or the professional suretyships of tradespeople.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<details class=\"pm-ic\" open>\n<summary>Contents<\/summary>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#kefalet-nedir\">What is a suretyship agreement?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#asli-borc\">Conditions of validity and the principal debt<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sekil-ehliyet\">Formal requirements and capacity to act as surety<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#esin-rizasi\">Spousal consent in the suretyship agreement<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#yargitay-kararlari\">Court of Cassation decisions on suretyship<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#kaynaklar\">Sources used<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sss\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#iletisim\">Consultation request<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n<section id=\"kefalet-nedir\">\n<h2>What Is a Contract of Suretyship?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"pm-tanim\">According to Article 581 of the Turkish Code of Obligations: \"<em><strong>A suretyship agreement<\/strong> is an agreement whereby the surety undertakes, vis-\u00e0-vis the creditor, to be personally liable for the consequences of the debtor\u2019s failure to perform its debt<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In other words, through a suretyship agreement the surety undertakes, vis-\u00e0-vis a person\u2019s creditor, to be liable for the performance of the principal debt. This agreement involves a tripartite relationship: the principal debtor, the surety and the principal creditor. The debt for whose performance the surety undertakes to be liable is called the \u201cprincipal debt\u201d. Although it is a tripartite relationship, the agreement is concluded between the surety and the principal creditor.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"pm-cipler\" aria-label=\"Kefalet ili\u015fkisinin taraflar\u0131\">\n<li>Principal debtor<\/li>\n<li>Kefil<\/li>\n<li>Principal creditor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"asli-borc\">\n<h2>Conditions of Validity and the Principal Debt<\/h2>\n<p>The article examines the conditions of validity of the suretyship agreement under four headings:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"pm-sirali\">\n<li>An existing and valid principal debt<\/li>\n<li>Formal requirements<\/li>\n<li>Kefilin kefalet ehliyeti<\/li>\n<li>Spousal consent<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>1. There Must Be an Existing and Valid Principal Debt<\/h3>\n<p>The first sentence of Article 582\/I TCO provides: \"<em>A contract of suretyship may be concluded for an existing and valid debt.<\/em>\" Since the obligation arising from the contract of suretyship is an ancillary obligation, its existence depends on a principal debt. However, it is not an essential element that the principal debt exists at the time the contract of suretyship is concluded. This is addressed in the remainder of the relevant provision, and the point of reference here is that it is sufficient for the debt to exist at the time it falls due, when the creditor will have recourse to the surety and may commence proceedings against the surety.<\/p>\n<p>For the principal debt to be valid, the wills of the parties must correspond. In addition, the contract giving rise to the principal debt must not be defective on grounds such as its subject matter being unlawful, immoral or impossible, or simulation, lack of form or lack of capacity, because such contracts, being invalid, directly render the contract of suretyship invalid as well. Likewise, if the contract has been rescinded on grounds such as defective consent or gross disparity (gabin), the contract of suretyship becomes invalid. Here, under Article 39 TCO, if the principal debtor does not exercise the right of rescission within one year and rescind the contract, or waives the right of rescission, the contract will be deemed to have been concluded retroactively free of any defect, and the contract of suretyship will thus remain valid.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pm-not\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">Future and conditional debts<\/p>\n<p>The debt to be guaranteed may be an existing debt, but it may also be a future or conditional debt. However, such debts must be determinable. An example is a contract of suretyship concluded with a bank on behalf of a person who will obtain a loan from that bank in the future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Article 582\/II TCO introduces an exception regarding the validity of the principal debt. Under this provision: \"<em>A person who gives a personal guarantee for a debt for which the debtor is not liable by reason of error or lack of capacity shall be liable under the statutory provisions on suretyship if, at the time of assuming the obligation, he knew of the defect vitiating the contract. The same rule applies to a person who stands surety for a debt that is time-barred as regards the debtor.<\/em>\" Here, the error and lack of capacity originate from the principal debtor.<\/p>\n<p>In this context, the lack of capacity to be understood is limited incapacity, because a contract concluded by a person with limited incapacity is provisionally ineffective until ratified by the legal representative. Consequently, upon ratification it becomes valid and the contract of suretyship will also remain valid. However, if the legal representative declares that ratification is refused, the provisional ineffectiveness becomes definitive nullity and the contract of suretyship will also lose its validity. Furthermore, if the principal debtor is considered to be wholly incapable, the principal debt relationship will never have arisen; therefore, even if the surety knows that the principal debtor is wholly incapable, the contract of suretyship cannot produce effects, since its existence depends on the validity of the principal debt.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the following may be said on this subject: until the right of rescission or ratification is exercised, the surety may temporarily refuse to perform the suretyship obligation. This result can be achieved by applying by analogy Article 140 TCO, which, in relation to set-off, gives the surety the right to refuse payment.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"sekil-ehliyet\">\n<h2>Formal Requirements and Capacity to Act as Surety<\/h2>\n<h3>2. Formal Requirements<\/h3>\n<p>Although freedom of contract is adopted in the Turkish legal system, there are provisions prescribing certain formal requirements in order to protect the parties. One type of contract subject to formal requirements is the suretyship agreement. For this type of contract, the legislator has set out the formal requirements in Art. 583 of the TCO, the first paragraph of which reads as follows;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"pm-kanun\">\n<p>\u201c<em>A contract of suretyship shall not be valid unless it is made in writing and specifies the maximum amount for which the surety will be liable and the date of the suretyship. The surety must state in his own handwriting in the contract of suretyship the maximum amount for which he is liable, the date of the suretyship and, in the case of joint and several suretyship, that he assumes the obligation in that capacity or by any expression to that effect.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<p><cite>TBK m. 583\/1<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In other words, the contract of suretyship must first of all be made in writing. The specified conditions must be set out in writing in the contract of suretyship. Finally, these conditions must also be stated in the surety's own handwriting. A contract of suretyship that does not comply with these formal requirements will not be valid.<\/p>\n<p>According to the first paragraph, the elements that must be stated in writing in a suretyship agreement are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"pm-liste\">\n<li>The maximum amount for which the surety will be liable<\/li>\n<li>Kefalet tarihi<\/li>\n<li>In the case of joint and several suretyship, this capacity or an expression to that effect<\/li>\n<li>These matters must be stated in the surety\u2019s own handwriting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The second paragraph provides: \"<em>The granting of special authority to stand surety on one's behalf and a promise to the other party or a third party to stand surety are also subject to the same formal requirements. The parties may agree, in compliance with the written form, to limit the surety's liability to a certain amount of the debt.<\/em>\" By virtue of this provision, these matters are also subject to the same formal requirements as those in the first paragraph.<\/p>\n<p>The third paragraph also states that amendments made after the contract of suretyship has been concluded which increase liability are subject to the same form.<\/p>\n<p>Although these conditions are specific to suretyship, since the contract of suretyship imposes obligations on one party only, under Article 14\/1 TCO it is sufficient for the contract of suretyship to bear only the surety's signature. The creditor's name need not appear in the contract, but the debtor's name must be stated.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pm-not\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">Important \u00b7 Maximum amount<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the maximum amount of the suretyship must be stated in monetary terms. If no maximum amount is specified in the contract, the contract will again be invalid. This condition must be fulfilled even if the secured debt is not a monetary debt.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>3. The Surety Must Have Capacity to Stand Surety.<\/h3>\n<p>A person who has capacity to act also has capacity to stand surety. However, persons who are wholly incapable and persons with limited incapacity cannot conclude a contract of suretyship either themselves or through their legal representatives. This is provided for in the Turkish Civil Code and is also among the transactions that legal representatives are prohibited from carrying out.<\/p>\n<p>As stated above, the conclusion of a contract of suretyship by persons with limited capacity is subject to special conditions. However, at this point it is worth mentioning something we did not state above: persons for whom a curator (kayy\u0131m) has been appointed have capacity to stand surety. We derive this from Article 458 TCC. The provision reads: \"<em>The appointment of a curator for a person does not affect his capacity to act.<\/em>\" Therefore, as we have stated, a person who has capacity to act also has capacity to stand surety.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"esin-rizasi\">\n<h2>Spousal Consent in the Suretyship Agreement<\/h2>\n<p>Since, under a contract of suretyship, the surety will be liable for the principal debtor's failure to perform the debt, there is a risk of the surety incurring a financial burden. For this reason, economic difficulties arising in the event of such a financial burden may cause the family unit to be shaken. Accordingly, the subject of \"Spousal Consent\", which was not included in Code of Obligations No. 818, has been included in the new Code of Obligations. On the ground that the provisions of Article 584\/I-II TCO slowed down business life, paragraph III entered into force in 2013, introducing a number of exceptions in which spousal consent is not required.<\/p>\n<p>If we set out the provisions, the first two paragraphs read as follows: \"<em>Unless there is a judgment of separation issued by a court or a legal right to live separately has arisen, one spouse may stand surety only with the written consent of the other; this consent must be given before or, at the latest, at the time the contract is concluded.<\/em> (para. 1) <em>Spousal consent is not required for subsequent amendments to the contract of suretyship which do not increase the amount for which the surety will be liable, convert an ordinary suretyship into a joint and several suretyship, or significantly reduce the securities in favour of the surety.<\/em> (para. 2)\"<\/p>\n<p>Under this provision, for one of the spouses to stand surety for a debt, the other spouse must give written consent to this transaction. Spousal consent is a condition of validity, and in its absence the contract produces no legal effect or consequences. No distinction is made as to whether the spouse required to give consent is the wife or the husband.<\/p>\n<p>The consent given by the spouse must be given at the latest at the time the contract is concluded. Consent in the form of ratification given after the contract has been concluded does not render the contract valid. Therefore, the spouse must either give permission by declaring it in writing before the contract is concluded, or participate in the transaction by declaring consent at the time of the transaction.<\/p>\n<p>As stated in the text of the law, certain amendments that do not produce consequences to the detriment of the surety may be made without obtaining the other spouse's consent. However, for the other grounds specified in the law, spousal consent is still a condition of validity.<\/p>\n<p>It is worth listing one by one the principles introduced by paragraph III added by the latest amendment. The exceptional cases of contracts of suretyship in which spousal consent is not required are:<\/p>\n<div class=\"pm-not\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">Cases where the spouse\u2019s consent is not required \u00b7 TCO Art. 584\/III<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <em>Suretyships given in connection with the business or company by the owner of a commercial enterprise registered in the trade registry or by a partner or manager of a commercial company<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; Suretyships to be given by tradespeople or craftspeople registered in the register of tradespeople and craftspeople in connection with their professional activities,<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; Suretyships to be given for loans to be extended under Law No. 5570 dated 27\/12\/2006 on the Extension of Interest-Subsidised Loans by Publicly Owned Banks<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; Suretyships to be given for loans to be extended to cooperative members by agricultural credit, agricultural sales, and tradespeople and craftspeople credit and guarantee cooperatives and by public institutions and organisations.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As a result of this added paragraph, the institution of spousal consent, which was introduced to protect the family, has lost much of its effectiveness.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pm-ikili\">\n<div class=\"pm-kart\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">Practical checklist \u00b7 Form<\/p>\n<ul class=\"pm-tik\">\n<li>The suretyship agreement must be made in writing.<\/li>\n<li>The maximum amount for which the surety will be liable must be stated in monetary terms.<\/li>\n<li>The maximum amount, the date of suretyship and, where applicable, joint and several suretyship must be written in the surety\u2019s own handwriting.<\/li>\n<li>The surety\u2019s signature and the debtor\u2019s name must appear in the agreement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pm-kart\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">Practical checklist \u00b7 Spouse\u2019s consent<\/p>\n<ul class=\"pm-tik\">\n<li>If the surety is married, the written consent of the other spouse must be obtained.<\/li>\n<li>Consent must be given before the agreement or at the latest at the time it is concluded.<\/li>\n<li>Consent given subsequently in the form of ratification does not make the agreement valid.<\/li>\n<li>It should be checked whether one of the exceptions in Art. 584\/III of the TCO applies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"yargitay-kararlari\">\n<h2>Court of Cassation Decisions on Suretyship<\/h2>\n<p>Decision on the requirement that the debt subject to the contract of suretyship be determinable;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"pm-kanun\">\n<p>\u201c<em>Since the damage resulting from misuse of the leased property was not knowable and determinable at the time the contract of suretyship was drawn up, the surety cannot be held liable for the amount of compensation.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<p><cite>(<strong>6th Civil Chamber, 27.11.2014, 2014\/3278 E., 2014\/13173 K.<\/strong>)<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Decision on the exception to the requirement of spousal consent;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"pm-kanun\">\n<p><em>\"The Regional Court of Appeal decided to dismiss the application on the merits on the grounds that spousal consent had not been obtained in respect of the suretyships given by the defendants who signed, as sureties, the general loan agreement signed on 06.07.2012, when Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098 was in force, but that the defendants were partners and managers of the principal debtor company, and that, pursuant to Article 584\/3 of Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098 as amended on 28.03.2013, the requirement of spousal consent had been removed for suretyships given by company partners and managers in favour of the company. However, the amendment on which the Regional Court of Appeal based its judgment was made on 28.03.2013 by Article 77 of Law No. 6455, and Article 90 of that Law states that the amendments made by that Law shall enter into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. There is also no provision that the said amendment shall have retroactive effect. In this case, Article 584\/3 TCO, which entered into force on 28.03.2013, cannot be applied to the contract concluded on 06.07.2012. Accordingly, whereas the Regional Court of Appeal should have delivered its judgment taking into account that the spousal consent of the defendants who signed as sureties the contract concluded on 06.07.2012 had not been obtained and that Article 584\/3 of Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098, which entered into force on 28.03.2013, could not be applied to the specific case, its decision to dismiss the application on the merits on the grounds stated in writing was not found to be correct, and the decision had to be reversed and set aside.\" <\/em><\/p>\n<p><cite>(<strong>11th Civil Chamber, 11\/03\/2019, 2017\/4612 E., 2019\/1947 K.)<\/strong><\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"kaynaklar\">\n<h2>Sources Used<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"pm-liste\">\n<li>ARAL, F.-AYRANCI, H., Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku \u00d6zel Bor\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkileri, Yetkin, Ankara 2019<\/li>\n<li>EREN, F., Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku \u00d6zel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Yetkin, Ankara 2016<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\">Related legislation: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6098&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Turkish Code of Obligations No. 6098<\/a> (mevzuat.gov.tr)<\/p>\n<section id=\"sss\" class=\"pm-sss\">\n<h2>Suretyship Agreements: Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n<details open>\n<summary>What is a contract of suretyship and between whom is it concluded?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>Under Art. 581 of the TBK, it is the contract by which the surety undertakes towards the creditor to be personally liable for the consequences of the debtor\u2019s failure to perform its debt. Although there is a three-way relationship between the principal debtor, the surety and the creditor, the contract is concluded between the surety and the creditor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What are the formal requirements of a contract of suretyship?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>The contract must be made in writing, and the maximum amount for which the surety will be liable and the date of the suretyship must be stated. The surety must write the maximum amount, the date and, if a joint and several surety, that capacity in his or her own handwriting. Subsequent amendments increasing liability are subject to the same form.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happens if the maximum amount of suretyship is not written?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>According to the article, the maximum amount must be stated in monetary terms; otherwise the contract is invalid. This requirement applies even if the secured debt is not a monetary debt.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is spousal consent required to become a surety?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>TBK m. 584&#8217;e g\u00f6re mahkemece verilmi\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131k karar\u0131 veya yasal ayr\u0131 ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 yoksa, e\u015flerden biri ancak di\u011ferinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 r\u0131zas\u0131yla kefil olabilir. R\u0131za s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce ya da en ge\u00e7 kurulmas\u0131 an\u0131nda verilmelidir; sonradan verilen icazet s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ge\u00e7erli k\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>In which cases is spousal consent not required?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>Spousal consent is not required for suretyships given by the owner of an enterprise registered in the trade registry, or by a partner or manager of a company, in connection with the enterprise or company; for the professional suretyships of tradespeople and craftspeople; for loans under Law No. 5570; and for certain loans extended to cooperative members.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does the 2013 amendment apply to suretyships dated earlier?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>Makalede aktar\u0131lan Yarg\u0131tay 11. HD&#8217;nin 2017\/4612 E., 2019\/1947 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131na g\u00f6re, 28.03.2013&#8217;te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren m. 584\/3 ge\u00e7mi\u015fe etkili de\u011fildir; 06.07.2012 tarihli s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye uygulanamaz.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can a person under restriction or for whom a curator has been appointed become a surety?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>Makaleye g\u00f6re tam ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ehliyetsizler ne kendileri ne de yasal temsilcileri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kefil olabilir. TMK m. 458&#8217;e g\u00f6re kayy\u0131m atanmas\u0131 fiil ehliyetini etkilemedi\u011finden, kendisine kayy\u0131m atanan ki\u015fi kefalet ehliyetine sahiptir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"iletisim\" class=\"pm-form-kap\">\n<div class=\"pm-form-sol\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">Consultation request<\/p>\n<h2>Do you have a question about suretyship agreements?<\/h2>\n<p>At UTU Hukuk Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, we provide legal representation and advisory services in the field of commercial law.<\/p>\n<p>Fill in the form and we will call you. You can also contact us directly:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"pm-kanal\">\n<li><a href=\"tel:+905365931600\">+90 536 593 16 00<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"mailto:bilgi@utuhukuk.com\">bilgi@utuhukuk.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<form class=\"pm-form\" data-alan=\"Ticaret Hukuku\" novalidate action=\"\">\n<div class=\"pm-alan\"><label for=\"pm-ad\">Full name *<\/label><input id=\"pm-ad\" name=\"ad\" type=\"text\" autocomplete=\"name\" required><\/div>\n<div class=\"pm-alan\"><label for=\"pm-tel\">Phone *<\/label><input id=\"pm-tel\" name=\"tel\" type=\"tel\" autocomplete=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" required><\/div>\n<div class=\"pm-alan\"><label for=\"pm-mail\">Email<\/label><input id=\"pm-mail\" name=\"mail\" type=\"email\" autocomplete=\"email\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"pm-alan\"><label for=\"pm-konu\">Your situation in brief<\/label><textarea id=\"pm-konu\" name=\"konu\" rows=\"4\" placeholder=\"\u00d6rne\u011fin: E\u015fimin r\u0131zas\u0131 al\u0131nmadan imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131m kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek istiyorum.\"><\/textarea><\/div>\n<div class=\"pm-bal\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"pm-web\">Website<\/label><input id=\"pm-web\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n<p><label class=\"pm-onay\"><input name=\"kvkk\" type=\"checkbox\" required> <span>I consent to the processing of my personal data for this request and to being contacted.<\/span><\/label><br \/>\n<button type=\"submit\">Send request<\/button><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-durum\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"en\"\/><\/form>\n<\/section>\n<footer class=\"pm-imza\">\n<div class=\"pm-imza-logo\" aria-hidden=\"true\">UTU<\/div>\n<div>\n<p class=\"pm-imza-ad\">UTU Hukuk ve Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k<\/p>\n<p>Since 2016 it has been providing legal and advisory services in Ankara in many areas, labour law in particular. <a href=\"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/commercial-law\/\">Our commercial law practice area \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-uyari\">This article is for general information only and does not constitute legal advice. You are advised to consult a lawyer about your specific situation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu m. 581 e g\u00f6re \u201c Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, kefilin alacakl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131, bor\u00e7lunun borcunu ifa etmemesinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ki\u015fisel olarak sorumlu\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":392,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ticaret-hukuku"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=178"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":665,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/178\/revisions\/665"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/392"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}