{"id":157,"date":"2022-08-14T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-14T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/genel-islem-sartlarinin-denetimi\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T14:08:45","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T14:08:45","slug":"review-standard-terms-conditions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/genel-islem-sartlarinin-denetimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Review of Standard Terms and Conditions"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pm\" data-utu-pm=\"1\">\n<p class=\"pm-giris\"><strong>Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n denetimi<\/strong>, \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye dahil olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, nas\u0131l yorumlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve ge\u00e7erli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesidir. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nda d\u00fczenlenen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck, yorum ve i\u00e7erik denetimini ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"pm-ozet\" aria-label=\"K\u0131saca\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">K\u0131saca<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Makalede genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n denetimi \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famada incelenir: TBK m. 21-22&#8217;de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck, m. 23&#8217;te yorum, m. 24-25&#8217;te i\u00e7erik denetimi.<\/li>\n<li>Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fartlar; a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi verilmez, i\u00e7eri\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flanmaz veya kabul edilmezse yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r (TBK m. 21\/1).<\/li>\n<li>Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan \u015fartlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmler ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korur; d\u00fczenleyen, bu \u015fartlar olmasayd\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcremez (TBK m. 22).<\/li>\n<li>A\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmayan veya birden \u00e7ok anlama gelen h\u00fck\u00fcm, d\u00fczenleyenin aleyhine ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n lehine yorumlan\u0131r (TBK m. 23).<\/li>\n<li>D\u00fczenleyene tek yanl\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf aleyhine de\u011fi\u015fiklik yetkisi veren kay\u0131tlar yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r (TBK m. 24); m. 25 d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri yasaklar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<div class=\"pm-not\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">G\u00fcncellik notu<\/p>\n<p>Bu yaz\u0131, yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihteki mevzuat ve uygulamaya g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yaz\u0131da an\u0131lan t\u00fcketicinin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinde o tarihten bu yana de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmu\u015f olabilir. G\u00fcncel durum i\u00e7in bir avukata dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131z \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<details class=\"pm-ic\" open>\n<summary>\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/summary>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#denetim-asamalari\">Denetim a\u015famalar\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#yururluk-denetimi\">Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi ve yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sozlesmeye-etkisi\">Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lman\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye etkisi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#yorum-denetimi\">Yorum denetimi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#icerik-denetimi\">\u0130\u00e7erik denetimi<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#degistirme-yasagi\">Tek yanl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme yasa\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#durustluk-kurali\">D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#kaynakca\">Kaynak\u00e7a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sss\">S\u0131k\u00e7a sorulan sorular<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#iletisim\">G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme talebi<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n<section id=\"denetim-asamalari\">\n<h2>Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015eartlar\u0131n\u0131n Denetim A\u015famalar\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n denetimi \u00f6\u011fretide farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde tasnif edilmi\u015f olsa da biz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n denetimini:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"pm-sirali\">\n<li>Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi<\/li>\n<li>Yorum denetimi<\/li>\n<li>\u0130\u00e7erik denetimi olarak \u00fc\u00e7e ay\u0131rarak inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi, TBK\u2019n\u0131n 21 ve 22. maddelerinde kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu safhada genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011fine dahil olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir de\u011ferlendirme vard\u0131r. Yorum denetimi ise TBK 23. maddede d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Yorum denetiminde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetiminden ge\u00e7mi\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin yorum yoluyla denetlenmesini ifade eder. TBK\u2019n\u0131n 24 ve 25. maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenen i\u00e7erik denetiminde ise; y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck ve yorum denetimlerinin faydas\u0131z kalmas\u0131 halinde genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulunun ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi denetlenir<a href=\"#dn1\" id=\"dnr1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-tablo-baslik\" id=\"tablo-denetim\">Denetim a\u015famalar\u0131 ve d\u00fczenlendikleri maddeler<\/p>\n<div class=\"pm-tablo-kap\">\n<table class=\"pm-tablo\" aria-labelledby=\"tablo-denetim\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>A\u015fama<\/th>\n<th>D\u00fczenleme<\/th>\n<th>Denetlenen husus<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi<\/td>\n<td>TBK m. 21 ve 22<\/td>\n<td>Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011fine dahil olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Yorum denetimi<\/td>\n<td>TBK m. 23<\/td>\n<td>Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetiminden ge\u00e7mi\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin yorum yoluyla denetlenmesi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0130\u00e7erik denetimi<\/td>\n<td>TBK m. 24 ve 25<\/td>\n<td>Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck ve yorum denetimlerinin faydas\u0131z kalmas\u0131 halinde genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulunun ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"yururluk-denetimi\">\n<h2>Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck Denetimi ve Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Say\u0131lma<\/h2>\n<p>Ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk denetim basama\u011f\u0131 olan y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi, genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yer al\u0131p almayaca\u011f\u0131na dair tespit a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nda yer alan h\u00fck\u00fcm ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 iradelerin uyu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fckm\u00fcn belirsizli\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden sadece taraflar\u0131n beyan\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131 yoksa ger\u00e7ek iradelerinin uyu\u015fmas\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r tam anlam\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131lamamakta ve bu durum doktrinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bir taraf\u0131n beyan\u0131na, g\u00fcven teorisi<a href=\"#dn2\" id=\"dnr2\">[2]<\/a> uyar\u0131nca kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu anlam esas al\u0131n\u0131r. Yani k\u0131sacas\u0131 genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131 olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine girebilmesi i\u00e7in g\u00fcven teorisi \u00f6nem arz edecektir<a href=\"#dn3\" id=\"dnr3\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"pm-kanun\">\n<p>\u201cKar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kapsam\u0131na girmesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fczenleyenin kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa, bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi verip, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131na ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n da bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul etmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi takdirde, genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><cite>T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, m. 21\/1<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>TBK\u2019n\u0131n 21. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cKar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kapsam\u0131na girmesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fczenleyenin kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa, bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi verip, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131na ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n da bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul etmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi takdirde, genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d denmektedir. Bu h\u00fckme g\u00f6re s\u00f6zle\u015fmede bulunan kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011fine dahil edilip, buna g\u00f6re de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck imkan\u0131 bulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fartlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekir<a href=\"#dn4\" id=\"dnr4\">[4]<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"pm-liste\">\n<li>S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fczenleyenin kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi vermesi,<\/li>\n<li>Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n da bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul etmesi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"pm-not\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">\u00dc\u00e7 ko\u015fuldan biri eksikse<\/p>\n<p>Bu \u00fc\u00e7 ko\u015fuldan birinin bulunmamas\u0131 halinde TBK 21. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n son c\u00fcmlesine g\u00f6re s\u00f6z konusu \u015fartlar yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Buradaki yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc, h\u00fckm\u00fcn i\u00e7eri\u011fi ile alakal\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bilakis kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa sunulan \u00f6nerinin kabul a\u015famas\u0131nda iken ki\u015fisel durumuyla alakal\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131 haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131nda d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa bu ko\u015fullar hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi vermemesi, bu \u015fartlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imkan\u0131 sa\u011flamamas\u0131 halinde yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bunun tam tersine kendisine sunulan \u015fartlar\u0131 yeterince inceleyip, i\u00e7eri\u011fi hakk\u0131nda yeterli bilgiye sahip olduktan sonra imza alt\u0131na alan taraf bu \u015fartlar\u0131n sonra ge\u00e7erli olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131 konusu ileride ele al\u0131nacak konularla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r<a href=\"#dn5\" id=\"dnr5\">[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fine yabanc\u0131 ko\u015fullar<\/h3>\n<p>S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fine ve i\u015fin \u00f6zelli\u011fine yabanc\u0131 olan ko\u015fullar\u0131n ak\u0131beti ise T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 21. Maddesinin 2. F\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fine ve i\u015fin \u00f6zelli\u011fine yabanc\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 halinde bu \u015fartlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n bilgilendirilmesi ve \u00f6\u011frenme imkan\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 herhangi bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131p yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacakt\u0131r<a href=\"#dn6\" id=\"dnr6\">[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lman\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011fi<\/h3>\n<p class=\"pm-tanim\"><strong>Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma<\/strong> T\u00fcrk hukukunda ilk defa kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir terimdir. Yeni bir ge\u00e7ersizlik t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak ele al\u0131nan yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma \u00f6\u011freti ve doktrinde \u00e7ok\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk hukukunda hakim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lman\u0131n \u201cyokluk\u201d oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir<a href=\"#dn7\" id=\"dnr7\">[7]<\/a>. Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmay\u0131 yokluk yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na tabii oldu\u011funu kabul edersek; yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma i\u00e7in herhangi bir talep, irade a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ya da dava a\u00e7maya gerek yoktur<a href=\"#dn8\" id=\"dnr8\">[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"sozlesmeye-etkisi\">\n<h2>Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Say\u0131lman\u0131n S\u00f6zle\u015fmeye Etkisi<\/h2>\n<blockquote class=\"pm-kanun\">\n<p>\u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korur. Bu durumda d\u00fczenleyen, yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan ko\u015fullar olmasayd\u0131 di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapmayacak oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcremez.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><cite>T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, m. 22<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n TBK 21. maddesine g\u00f6re yaz\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye etkisi 22. maddede \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korur. Bu durumda d\u00fczenleyen, yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan ko\u015fullar olmasayd\u0131 di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapmayacak oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcremez.\u201d \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00fczenleme korunmamak istenen m\u00fcessese, yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n TBK\u2019nun 27. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olmas\u0131, di\u011ferlerinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini etkilemez. Ancak, bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131 kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olur.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc ile etkisizle\u015ftirilmesini \u00f6nlemektir. TBK m. 22 ile genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 sunan tarafa bahsi ge\u00e7en nispi butlan m\u00fcessesinden uzak tutarak, genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmek amac\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir<a href=\"#dn9\" id=\"dnr9\">[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verildi\u011fi takdirde hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kalan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin de h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz oldu\u011fu d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131ndan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemeyecektir. Kanunun lafz\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmler s\u00f6zle\u015fmede hi\u00e7 yer almam\u0131\u015f gibi muamele g\u00f6recektir. Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmler s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011finden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin esasl\u0131 unsurlar\u0131 i\u00e7erip bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme niteli\u011finde ise s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7erli olacak ve bo\u015fluk olmas\u0131 halinde hakim taraf\u0131ndan bo\u015fluklar doldurulacakt\u0131r. Zaten s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin esasl\u0131 unsurlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mayan s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmleri bulundu\u011fu takdirde ortada bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden bahsedilemeyecektir<a href=\"#dn10\" id=\"dnr10\">[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"yorum-denetimi\">\n<h2>Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015eartlar\u0131nda Yorum Denetimi<\/h2>\n<blockquote class=\"pm-kanun\">\n<p>\u201cGenel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yer alan bir h\u00fck\u00fcm, a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r de\u011filse veya birden \u00e7ok anlama geliyorsa, d\u00fczenleyenin aleyhine ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n lehine yorumlan\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><cite>T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, m. 23<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetiminden ge\u00e7en genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n yorum yoluyla denetlenmesi TBK\u2019nun 23. maddesinde \u015f\u00f6yle d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir:\u201d Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yer alan bir h\u00fck\u00fcm, a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r de\u011filse veya birden \u00e7ok anlama geliyorsa, d\u00fczenleyenin aleyhine ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n lehine yorumlan\u0131r.\u201d Madde gerek\u00e7esinde ise \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki bir h\u00fckm\u00fc kaleme alan\u0131n, onu istedi\u011fi gibi ifade etme olana\u011f\u0131na sahip bulunmas\u0131 sebebiyle, kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 metnin kendi aleyhine yorumlanmas\u0131na katlanmas\u0131 gerekir. Bir h\u00fckm\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi yazmam\u0131\u015f ki\u015finin \u2013bu h\u00fck\u00fcm \u015f\u00f6yle anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r- \u015feklinde sonradan yapaca\u011f\u0131 yorum hakl\u0131 say\u0131lmaz.\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<a href=\"#dn11\" id=\"dnr11\">[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Yukar\u0131da belirtilen madde h\u00fckm\u00fc ile gerek\u00e7esinden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131n aleyhine yorum kural\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu hukuki m\u00fcessesenin kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za gelebilmesi i\u00e7in genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmamas\u0131 veya birden fazla anlama gelmesi gerekmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi d\u00fczenleyen taraf \u201ckar\u015f\u0131 taraf s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye muhalefet etmesi halinde do\u011fan gecikmelerden do\u011fan zarar\u0131n\u0131(reeskont faiz oran\u0131n\u0131) talep edebilir\u201d \u015feklinde bir h\u00fck\u00fcm koymu\u015fsa, bu halde gecikmelerden do\u011fan zarar ile reeskont faiz oran\u0131 ayn\u0131 anlama gelmedi\u011finden bu h\u00fck\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r de\u011fildir. Bu y\u00fczden de bu h\u00fck\u00fcm yorumlan\u0131rken d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131n aleyhine olacak \u015fekilde yorumlanacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc gecikmeden do\u011fan zarar\u0131n tazmini bor\u00e7lunun borca ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranmas\u0131 halinde alacakl\u0131n\u0131n gecikmeden do\u011fan zarar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Reeskont faiz oran\u0131 ile hi\u00e7bir ilgi ve alakas\u0131 yoktur. S\u00f6z konusu \u00f6rnekte hangi h\u00fck\u00fcm d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131n aleyhine ise o h\u00fck\u00fcm uygulanacak, di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcm yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<a href=\"#dn12\" id=\"dnr12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pm-not\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">Bireysel anla\u015fmaya \u00f6ncelik<\/p>\n<p>Bu konuda \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken di\u011fer bir husus ise taraflar\u0131n genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 uygun iradeleri ile alternatif bireysel bir anla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 halinde yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 bireysel anla\u015fmaya \u00f6ncelik verilmesi gerekmektedir. \u00d6rnek vermek gerekirse; tip s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alan \u2018mevduata uygulanan en y\u00fcksek faiz\u2019 oran\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 yazmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen taraflar\u0131n bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn \u00fczerini \u00e7izerek \u2018%5\u2019 oran\u0131nda faiz uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve taraflarca bu yeni h\u00fckm\u00fcn paraf alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 halinde, bu genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fczakere edildi\u011fi ve alternatif bireysel bir anla\u015fman\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131labilecektir. Bu durumda tabii ki de taraflar\u0131n m\u00fczakere halinde oldu\u011fu h\u00fck\u00fcm dikkate al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<a href=\"#dn13\" id=\"dnr13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"icerik-denetimi\">\n<h2>Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015eartlar\u0131nda \u0130\u00e7erik Denetimi<\/h2>\n<p>T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nda d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi \u00fczere y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck ve yorum denetiminden ge\u00e7en genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n veya tamam\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7eri\u011fi haline gelmesi durumunda; d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na<a href=\"#dn14\" id=\"dnr14\">[14]<\/a> ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin taraflar\u0131ndan birinin \u00f6zellikle de d\u00fczenleyenin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan taraf\u0131n menfaatine uygun d\u00fc\u015fmeyebilir. B\u00f6yle bir durumda, denetime muhta\u00e7 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin her iki taraf i\u00e7inde adil s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmleri i\u00e7ermesi ve her iki taraf\u0131nda menfaati i\u00e7in, hakim taraf\u0131ndan dengeyi bozan genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz say\u0131lmas\u0131na i\u00e7erik denetimi denir.<a href=\"#dn15\" id=\"dnr15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"pm-kanun\">\n<p>\u201cGenel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine veya onun durumunu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte h\u00fck\u00fcmler konulamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><cite>T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, m. 25<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>T\u00fcrk hukukunda 2003 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin taraflar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle de t\u00fcketicinin haks\u0131z \u015fartlara kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131 ve i\u00e7erik denetimi m\u00fcesseseleri ne Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nda ne de T\u00fcketicinin Korunmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019da yasal bir d\u00fczenleme mevcut de\u011fildi. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile T\u00fcketicinin Korunmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 6. maddesinde haks\u0131z \u015fartlar ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda i\u00e7erik denetimine ait ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, sadece haks\u0131z \u015fartlar\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131larak i\u00e7erik denetiminin ko\u015fullar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019n 25. maddesinde; genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erik denetimini el alm\u0131\u015fsa da i\u00e7erik denetiminin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc belirleme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yetersiz g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. 25. Maddede \u201c Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine veya onun durumunu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte h\u00fck\u00fcmler konulamaz.\u201d denmek suretiyle genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erik denetiminin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 olarak ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Alman Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 307. Maddesinde oldu\u011fu gibi hangi hallerde d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil edece\u011fi hakk\u0131nda bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, i\u00e7erik denetimi sonucunda d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine veya onun durumunu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131racak nitelikteki genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 halinde, yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ne olaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmemi\u015ftir. Bu \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetiminde oldu\u011fu gibi \u2018yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma\u2019 \u015feklinde yapt\u0131r\u0131ma m\u0131 tabii olacak yoksa \u2018kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck\u2019 yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na dahil olaca\u011f\u0131 kanunun lafz\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lamamakt\u0131r. TBK\u2019nun 25. Maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde, i\u00e7erik denetimi sonucunda h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz say\u0131lan h\u00fckm\u00fcn TBK\u2019nun 27. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesi anlam\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yani s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f oldu\u011fundan buradaki ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fin, kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na tabii olaca\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmelidir. Zaten h\u00fckm\u00fcn ifadesi, ruhu ve d\u00fczenlenme amac\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutuldu\u011funda ba\u015fka bir sonuca ula\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r.<a href=\"#dn16\" id=\"dnr16\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"degistirme-yasagi\">\n<h2>Tek Yanl\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirme Yasa\u011f\u0131<\/h2>\n<blockquote class=\"pm-kanun\">\n<p>\u201cGenel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede veya ayr\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alan ve d\u00fczenleyene tek yanl\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf aleyhine genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirme ya da yeni d\u00fczenleme getirme yetkisi veren kay\u0131tlar yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><cite>T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, m. 24<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n sadece d\u00fczenleyen lehine, bu \u015fartlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ya da tamam\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi konusunda d\u00fczenleyen tarafa yetki veren h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle (\u00f6zellikle de uygulamada) s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131n lehine de\u011fi\u015ftirme yetkisi veren bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 24. Maddesinde genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme yasa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmde \u201cGenel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede veya ayr\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alan ve d\u00fczenleyene tek yanl\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf aleyhine genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirme ya da yeni d\u00fczenleme getirme yetkisi veren kay\u0131tlar yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d denmek suretiyle genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin herhangi bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u00e7a kendi lehine olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi halinde bu kay\u0131tlar\u0131n yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka ifade ile de\u011fi\u015ftirme yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetiminde oldu\u011fu gibi yaz\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmad\u0131r.<a href=\"#dn17\" id=\"dnr17\">[17]<\/a> Bundan dolay\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen taraf lehine de\u011fi\u015ftirilen h\u00fck\u00fcmler yok h\u00fckm\u00fcndedir. Yok say\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmler ise s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak devam edecektir. Kanun koyucu, genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015ftirme yasa\u011f\u0131na muhalefet halinde k\u0131smi yokluk yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir.<a href=\"#dn18\" id=\"dnr18\">[18]<\/a> \u00d6rnek vermek gerekirse; kredi kurulu\u015funa tek yanl\u0131 olarak faiz oran\u0131 artt\u0131rma yetkisi veren kay\u0131tlar yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u00e7erik denetimine tabii olan de\u011fi\u015ftirme yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 da, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi sonucunda uygulanan yapt\u0131r\u0131ma at\u0131f yap\u0131larak yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Ancak de\u011fi\u015ftirme yasa\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimine de\u011fil, i\u00e7erik denetimine tabiidir. Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erik denetimi T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 27. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na tabii olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<a href=\"#dn19\" id=\"dnr19\">[19]<\/a> Bize g\u00f6re de i\u00e7erik denetimine i\u00e7erisinde yer alan de\u011fi\u015ftirme yasa\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetiminin yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na tabii tutulmas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pm-not\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">Yetki her iki tarafa verilmi\u015fse<\/p>\n<p>Kanunun lafz\u0131na g\u00f6re genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirme ya da d\u00fczenleme getirme yetkisi veren kay\u0131tlar\u0131n yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fczenleyene tek yanl\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine olacak \u015fekilde verilmi\u015f bir yetki olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131 her iki tarafa verilen s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirme ya da d\u00fczenleme yetkisi halinde TBK madde 24. madde h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanmayacakt\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin tek tarafl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilme yetkisi uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu madde \u00f6zel olarak kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc normal \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimine ait TBK 21\\2 h\u00fckm\u00fc ile i\u00e7erik denetimine ili\u015fkin TBK 25. madde h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine dayan\u0131larak bu t\u00fcr s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin denetlenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. TBK 24. maddesi ile 22. maddesi beraber de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde; genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131n, ilgili kay\u0131tlar\u0131n denetimden ge\u00e7ip yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair iddiada bulunmas\u0131 engellenmektedir.<a href=\"#dn20\" id=\"dnr20\">[20]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"durustluk-kurali\">\n<h2>D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck Kural\u0131na Ayk\u0131r\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmlerin Ak\u0131beti<\/h2>\n<p>Genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden denetim \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcnden sapan bir h\u00fck\u00fcm tespit edilmesi halinde hakimin son yapmas\u0131 gereken bu sapman\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u015fartlarda kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine olan hususlar\u0131n herhangi bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k yarat\u0131p yaratmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Sadece denetim \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcnden sap\u0131yor olmak \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. Bu sapman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc de i\u00e7erik denetimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Alman Medeni Kanununda, \u0130svi\u00e7re Haks\u0131z Rekabetin \u00d6nlenmesi Hakk\u0131nda Kanunda kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz derecede ma\u011fdur edilmesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin do\u011fas\u0131na \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 gibi ifadeler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda i\u00e7erik denetiminin \u00f6z\u00fc taraflar aras\u0131ndaki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc dengesizli\u011fin giderilmesi de\u011fildir. Bir noktaya kadar, irade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak ve hukukun g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini zay\u0131flatmamak i\u00e7in dengesizlikleri kabul etmek zaten bir mecburiyettir. Zaten T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu\u2019nun 55 . maddesinde de bu durum \u00f6zellikle dile getirilmi\u015f, \u2018kanuni d\u00fczenlemeden \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ayr\u0131lan\u2019 ve \u2018 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fine \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ayk\u0131r\u0131 haklar ve bor\u00e7lar da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u2018 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7in denetim \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Her ne kadar T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nda 25. maddede bu durumu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etmemi\u015f ise de d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131ndan bahsedilmesi yukar\u0131da sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ilgili mevzuat h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ayn\u0131 yorum sonucuna var\u0131lmas\u0131na imkan sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<a href=\"#dn21\" id=\"dnr21\">[21]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>TBK\u2019n\u0131n 25. maddesi \u201cGenel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine veya onun durumunu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte h\u00fck\u00fcmler konulamaz.\u201d \u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu maddeye g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nda d\u00fczenlenen d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na uygun hareket etme zorunlulu\u011funun genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczenlemesi mevcuttur. Bu \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemeye g\u00f6re TBK\u2019n\u0131n 20. maddesindeki niteliklere sahip s\u00f6zle\u015fmede TBK 25. maddeye g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine veya onun durumunu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikteki h\u00fck\u00fcmler bulunmas\u0131 durumunda bu \u015fartlar\u0131n d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenip d\u00fczenlenmedi\u011fi incelenecektir. E\u011fer d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fcm konuldu\u011fu takdirde bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlar de\u011ferlendirmeye al\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce her somut olay kendi i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte bir h\u00fck\u00fcm olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, taraflar\u0131n konumlar\u0131, konulan h\u00fckm\u00fcn emsal s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde de al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halde kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir taraf\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa g\u00f6re hakim konumda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi hususlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<a href=\"#dn22\" id=\"dnr22\">[22]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Somut olayda g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmas\u0131 gereken hususlar \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"pm-liste\">\n<li>\u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte bir h\u00fck\u00fcm olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Taraflar\u0131n konumlar\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Konulan h\u00fckm\u00fcn emsal s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde de al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halde kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>\n<li>Bir taraf\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa g\u00f6re hakim konumda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"kaynakca\">\n<h2>Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h2>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn1\"><a href=\"#dnr1\">[1]<\/a> <em>Sirmen, A. L\u00e2le, T\u00fcketici S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerindeki Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015eartlar\u0131n\u0131n Denetlenmesi, T\u00fcrk Hukukunda Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015eartlar\u0131 Sempozyumu, Ankara, 2011, s.112; Reiso\u011flu, a.g.e., s.77 Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131sal denetimini \u2018ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k denetimi\u2019 ve \u2018i\u00e7erik denetimi\u2019 olarak ikili tasnifle ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn2\"><a href=\"#dnr2\">[2]<\/a> <em>Taraflar\u0131n birbirine z\u0131t menfaatleri aras\u0131nda adil bir denge kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yorum tarz\u0131n\u0131 bulabilmek i\u00e7in beyan ve irade teorilerinde tek tarafl\u0131 yorumlama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in adil bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla g\u00fcven teorisi ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Taraflar aras\u0131ndaki menfaat dengesinin kurulmas\u0131nda yetersiz kal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu teori geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcven teorisi, \u00f6z\u00fcnde g\u00fcveni esas al\u0131r fakat Bor\u00e7lar Kanununda g\u00fcven teorisinin esas al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir kural yoktur ama \u00f6zel hukukumuzda d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 vard\u0131r. Herkes haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rken, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ifa ederken d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 haklar\u0131n talep edilmesi, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n ifa edilmesinde temel kurald\u0131r. D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 hukuki g\u00fcven ve istikrar\u0131 ve hakkaniyeti esas al\u0131r. \u0130rade beyanlar\u0131n\u0131n yorumunda da \u00f6ncelikle esas al\u0131n\u0131r. D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, taraflar\u0131n birbirine z\u0131t menfaatleri aras\u0131nda adil bir denge kurulmas\u0131 imkan\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. G\u00fcven teorisi hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Osman Alpar Olgun<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn3\"><a href=\"#dnr3\">[3]<\/a> <em>Atamer, a.g.e. , s.26-27<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn4\"><a href=\"#dnr4\">[4]<\/a> <em>Eren, a.g.e., s.221<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn5\"><a href=\"#dnr5\">[5]<\/a> <em>O\u011fuzman, Kemal, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, C. 1, 10. Bas\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2012, s.165<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn6\"><a href=\"#dnr6\">[6]<\/a> <em>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7o\u011flu, a.g.e., s.118 ; Eren, a.g.e., s. 222<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn7\"><a href=\"#dnr7\">[7]<\/a> <em>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7o\u011flu, a.g.e., s. 117; O\u011fuzman, \u2026kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n kabul beyan\u0131n\u0131n bu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, taraflar\u0131n bu genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer almas\u0131 hususunda anla\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131 anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Bu durumda h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck \u201cyokluk\u201d derecesine \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Zira taraflar aras\u0131nda irade uyumu olmayan hususlar, yokluk h\u00fckm\u00fcndedir(bkz., age., s.166).<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn8\"><a href=\"#dnr8\">[8]<\/a> <em>Ak\u00e7aal, Mehmet, Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131na Dair H\u00fck\u00fcmleri Hakk\u0131nda Bir \u0130nceleme, Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, C.18, Ankara, 2014, s. 57<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn9\"><a href=\"#dnr9\">[9]<\/a> <em>Yeniocak, a.g.m., s.89<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn10\"><a href=\"#dnr10\">[10]<\/a> <em>Eren, a.g.e., s.221<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn11\"><a href=\"#dnr11\">[11]<\/a> <em>Reiso\u011flu, a.g.e., s.77<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn12\"><a href=\"#dnr12\">[12]<\/a> <em>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7o\u011flu, a.g.e., s.118<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn13\"><a href=\"#dnr13\">[13]<\/a> <em>Yeniocak, a.g.m., s.91<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn14\"><a href=\"#dnr14\">[14]<\/a> <em>Yasal d\u00fczenlemelerden \u00f6nce i\u00e7erik denetiminde d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda yararlan\u0131lan baz\u0131 hukuki olanaklar vard\u0131r:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul class=\"pm-liste\">\n<li><em>Ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Edimi tek tarafl\u0131 belirleme yetkisi<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Culpa in contrahendo(C.I.C.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn15\"><a href=\"#dnr15\">[15]<\/a> <em>Havut\u00e7u, a.g.m., s.154<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn16\"><a href=\"#dnr16\">[16]<\/a> <em>\u00c7\u0131nar, \u00d6mer, T\u00fcketici Hukukunda Haks\u0131z \u015eartlar, \u0130stanbul, 2009, s.122<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn17\"><a href=\"#dnr17\">[17]<\/a> <em>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7o\u011flu, a.g.e., s.118-119; Eren, a.g.e. s.215; Reiso\u011flu, a.g.e. s.78.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn18\"><a href=\"#dnr18\">[18]<\/a> <em>Reiso\u011flu, a.g.e., s.221<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn19\"><a href=\"#dnr19\">[19]<\/a> <em>Yelmen, a.g.e., s.108<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn20\"><a href=\"#dnr20\">[20]<\/a> <em>Yeniocak, a.g.m., s.93<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn21\"><a href=\"#dnr21\">[21]<\/a> <em>Atamer, a.g.m., s. 50<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\" id=\"dn22\"><a href=\"#dnr22\">[22]<\/a> <em>K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7o\u011flu, a.g.e., s. 119<\/em><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p class=\"pm-dipnot\">\u0130lgili mevzuat: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6098&amp;MevzuatTur=1&amp;MevzuatTertip=5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu<\/a> (mevzuat.gov.tr)<\/p>\n<section id=\"sss\" class=\"pm-sss\">\n<h2>Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015eartlar\u0131n\u0131n Denetimi: S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\n<details open>\n<summary>Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n denetimi hangi a\u015famalardan olu\u015fur?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>Makalede genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n denetimi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck (TBK m. 21-22), yorum (TBK m. 23) ve i\u00e7erik denetimi (TBK m. 24-25) olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131larak incelenmektedir; \u00f6\u011fretide farkl\u0131 tasnifler de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Bir genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131 hangi durumda yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fartlar i\u00e7in d\u00fczenleyenin s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131l\u0131rken bu \u015fartlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi vermesi, i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n kabul etmesi gerekir; biri eksikse \u015fart yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fine ve i\u015fin \u00f6zelli\u011fine yabanc\u0131 \u015fartlar da yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan \u015fart s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lar m\u0131?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>Hay\u0131r. TBK m. 22&#8217;ye g\u00f6re di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmler ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korur ve d\u00fczenleyen, o \u015fartlar olmasayd\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcremez. S\u00f6zle\u015fme esasl\u0131 unsurlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yorsa ge\u00e7erli kal\u0131r; bo\u015fluklar h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan doldurulur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Belirsiz bir genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131 nas\u0131l yorumlan\u0131r?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>TBK m. 23&#8217;e g\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmayan veya birden \u00e7ok anlama gelen h\u00fck\u00fcm, d\u00fczenleyenin aleyhine ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n lehine yorumlan\u0131r. Taraflar \u015fart yerine m\u00fczakere ederek bireysel bir anla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015fsa bu anla\u015fmaya \u00f6ncelik verilir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>D\u00fczenleyenin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi tek tarafl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme yetkisi ge\u00e7erli midir?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>TBK m. 24&#8217;e g\u00f6re d\u00fczenleyene tek yanl\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf aleyhine s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirme veya yeni d\u00fczenleme getirme yetkisi veren kay\u0131tlar yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r; makaledeki \u00f6rne\u011fe g\u00f6re kredi kurulu\u015funa tek yanl\u0131 faiz art\u0131rma yetkisi veren kay\u0131t bu kapsamdad\u0131r. Yetki her iki tarafa verilmi\u015fse m. 24 uygulanmaz.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n denetiminde i\u00e7erik denetimi neye g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p>TBK m. 25&#8217;e g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131d\u0131r: kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine veya durumunu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler konulamaz. Makaleye g\u00f6re kanun yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmemi\u015ftir; makalede gerek\u00e7eye dayan\u0131larak kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"iletisim\" class=\"pm-form-kap\">\n<div class=\"pm-form-sol\">\n<p class=\"pm-etiket\">G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme talebi<\/p>\n<h2>Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131 konusunda bir sorunuz mu var?<\/h2>\n<p>UTU Hukuk Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k olarak ticaret hukuku alan\u0131nda avukatl\u0131k ve dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k hizmeti vermekteyiz.<\/p>\n<p>Formu doldurun, sizi arayal\u0131m. 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Somut durumunuz i\u00e7in bir avukata dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131z \u00f6nerilir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n denetimi \u00f6\u011fretide farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde tasnif edilmi\u015f olsa da biz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n denetimini: Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":426,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ticaret-hukuku"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=157"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":687,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157\/revisions\/687"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/426"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=157"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=157"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/utuhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=157"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}